RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os principais facilitadores e barreiras que ocorrem na população com paralisia cerebral (PC) e como eles auxiliam ou dificultam a prática de atividade física. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática dos últimos 10 anos seguindo o estabelecido na declaração PRISMA, para a qual foram utilizadas as bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus e PubMed. A estratégia de busca lançou um total de 99 documentos dos quais 11 estudos foram finalmente selecionados. Resultados: Os estudos estabeleceram que há uma variedade de fatores fisiológicos, psicológicos, sociais e macroambientais que atuam tanto para promover quanto para inibir a participação em esportes e exercícios em adolescentes com PC. Por outro lado, os facilitadores mais conhecidos na variedade de estudos têm como eixo principal a família, acompanhada de seu ambiente e da estimulação precoce que desenvolveram desde a infância. Conclusão: As barreiras são um aspecto modificável que pode ser reduzido com o objetivo de capacitar os facilitadores para aumentar a prática de atividade física de forma duradoura. As principais barreiras são a falta de acesso, as alterações em seus corpos devido à prática de atividade física, fatores ambientais, a falta de profissionais relacionados à área e o acesso à atividade física em ambientes e espaços seguros. A família desempenha desde cedo um papel fundamental para estimular as crianças e adolescentes com PC a realizarem atividades físicas e/ou esportivas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the main facilitators and barriers presented in population with cerebral palsy (PC) and how they help or hinder the practice of physical activity. Methods: A systematic review of the last 10 years was carried out, following what was stated in the PRISMA declaration, for which the Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases were used. The search strategy yielded a total of 99 documents where 11 studies were finally selected. Results: Studies have established that there are a variety of macro physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors that both promote and inhibit participation in sport and exercise in adolescents with PC. On the other hand, the most common facilitators in the research are the family as the main focus, accompanied by their environment and the early stimulation that they get from an early age. Conclusion: Barriers are a modifiable aspect which can be reduced to empower facilitators that increase the practice of physical activity, being sustainable over time. The main barriers are lack of access, changes in the body regarding the practice of physical activity, environmental factors, lack of professionals who are related to the field, and access to physical activity in safe environments and spaces. Family plays a fundamental role from an early age in encouraging children or adolescents with CP to carry out physical and/or sports activities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir los principales facilitadores y barreras presentados en la población con parálisis cerebral (PC) y cómo estos ayudan o dificultan la práctica de actividad física. Metodología: se realizó una revisión sistemática de los últimos 10 años siguiendo lo expuesto en la declaración PRISMA, para lo que se utilizaron las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y PubMed. La estrategia de búsqueda arrojó un total de 99 documentos de los que finalmente fueron seleccionados 11 estudios. Resultados: los estudios establecen que existe una variedad de factores fisiológicos, psicológicos, sociales y macro ambientales que actúan tanto para promover como inhibir la participación en el deporte y el ejercicio en adolescentes con PC. Por otro lado, los facilitadores que más se dan a conocer, son la familia como foco principal, acompañada de su entorno y la estimulación temprana realizada desde que son pequeños. Conclusión: las barreras son un aspecto modificable y que pueden ser disminuidas con el objetivo de potenciar los facilitadores para aumentar la práctica de actividad física siendo duradera en el tiempo. Las principales barreras son la falta de acceso, los cambios en su cuerpo respecto a la práctica de actividad física, factores medioambientales, falta de profesionales que estén relacionados con el área, y el acceso a la actividad física en ambientes y espacios seguros. La familia juega un rol fundamental desde edades tempranas para incentivar a los niños, niñas o adolescentes con PC a realizar actividades físicas y/o deportivas.

Abstract It has been almost six decades since The image of the city of Kevin Lynch became a key methodology in the global academia to understand the morphology of the city. Although this concept remains within the current urban principles and also applies to the processes of design and improvement in neighbourhoods and cities, new approaches are required to include the actions of the residents and their own imaginaries. This article debates the application of the urban image from a dynamic vision, emerging from Lynch (1995) to be applied in the current socio-spatial practices of Latin American migrants in the inner city, and how their urban imaginaries are transformed into cultural assets. Located on Maruri Street, in Santiago of Chile, a multidisciplinary qualitative approach is proposed which combines the classic analysis of the urban image of Lynch (1960) with the ethnographic study in this historical area, including the migrant resident’s everyday life and visualizations in the public space. The results show that these socio-spatial practices of migrants as new inner residents help to amplify the sense and use of the street, re-activating transitional spaces such as the facade and tree strips with new uses that increase both neighbourhood activity and cultural integration. It is concluded that “image and imaginary” require a closer and better relationship to be included in urban regulations and planning in terms of social integration and specific neighbourhood improvement programs.

Resumen Han pasado casi seis décadas desde que La imagen de la ciudad de Kevin Lynch lograra posicionarse en la academia global como una metodología relacional para entender la morfología de la ciudad. Si bien este concepto se mantiene dentro de las premisas urbanas vigentes y con aplicación sobre los procesos de diseño y mejoramiento en barrios y ciudades, se requiere de nuevas visiones que integren el actuar de los residentes, retratadas por medio de sus propios imaginarios. El presente artículo posiciona el debate y la aplicación de la imagen urbana desde una visión dinámica, emergida desde la revisión del propio Lynch (1995) que puede aplicarse en las actuales prácticas socioespaciales de migrantes latinoamericanos en centros urbanos, y cómo sus imaginarios urbanos se transforman en activos culturales. Situados en la calle Maruri, en Santiago de Chile, se adopta un enfoque cualitativo multidisciplinar que combina el análisis clásico de la imagen urbana de Lynch (1960) con registros visuales en esta área central, de manera de comprender la experiencia del residente migrante respecto de sus apropiaciones del espacio público. Los resultados muestran que estas prácticas socioespaciales de los migrantes, en tanto nuevos residentes, están permitiendo amplificar el significado y uso de la calle, reactivando espacios de transición como la fachada y la platabanda con nuevos usos que prolongan la actividad barrial y la integración cultural. Se concluye que el vínculo entre “imagen e imaginario” requiere una relación recíproca e indisoluble para ser transformada en normativa urbana y, de esta forma, permear en la planificación urbana en materia de integración social y programas específicos de mejoramiento barrial.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of high altitude on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in adults with abdominal visceral adiposity. Materials and methods: A quantitative study with quasi-experimental design, which included twenty-four (24) male medical students from the National University of Trujillo, selected by non-probability convenience sampling and study subject, evaluated at 0 and 4,386 m.a.s.l., and classified according to their degree of abdominal visceral adiposity: normal (G1) and high (G2). Results: The CRP level of G1 in relation to G2 showed no significant difference. Regarding CRP levels, Wilcoxon rank-sum (non-parametric) test was used for G2 and Student´s t-test was used for G1, with significance being shown in both cases. Conclusions: Variations on CRP levels in high altitude compared to sea level in both groups were significant

Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de la altura en los niveles de proteína C reactiva (PCR) en adultos con adiposidad visceral abdominal. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo con diseño cuasi-experimental, que incluyó veinticuatro estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, sexo masculino, seleccionados de manera no probabilística por conveniencia y sujeto participante, que fueron evaluados a 0 y 4386 m s. n. m. y clasificados de acuerdo al grado de adiposidad visceral abdominal: normal (G1) y elevada (G2). Resultados: El nivel de PCR de G1 en relación a G2 no tuvo diferencia significativa. Respecto a los niveles de PCR de G2 se empleó la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon y para G1 se usó la prueba T-student, evidenciándose una significancia en ambos casos. Conclusiones: Las variaciones de los niveles de PCR en altura con respecto al basal de ambos grupos fueron significativos

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the possible presence of inequality of opportunities in the health status of Chileans, according to sociodemographic circumstances. METHODS Self-rated health data were used from the Chilean National Health Survey of 2010 to test the hypothesis of strong and weak equality of opportunities in the health status of the Chilean population. These hypotheses were tested using nonparametric techniques and second-order stochastic dominance criteria. RESULTS Robust empirical evidence was obtained, which indicate that the education level of the mother, household socioeconomic status, sex, zone, and region of residence determine opportunities to achieve good health in Chile. CONCLUSIONS Better health status was identified for Chilean adults whenever their mothers had a higher education level, their household income was higher, they were men, or lived in urban areas. The region of residence also affects opportunities to achieve good health in Chile.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the possible presence of inequality of opportunities in the health status of Chileans, according to sociodemographic circumstances. METHODS Self-rated health data were used from the Chilean National Health Survey of 2010 to test the hypothesis of strong and weak equality of opportunities in the health status of the Chilean population. These hypotheses were tested using nonparametric techniques and second-order stochastic dominance criteria. RESULTS Robust empirical evidence was obtained, which indicate that the education level of the mother, household socioeconomic status, sex, zone, and region of residence determine opportunities to achieve good health in Chile. CONCLUSIONS Better health status was identified for Chilean adults whenever their mothers had a higher education level, their household income was higher, they were men, or lived in urban areas. The region of residence also affects opportunities to achieve good health in Chile.